Anatomy of the Canine Spine
A dog’s spine contains 30-33 vertebrae that support the entire skeletal structure. Experts divide the canine spine into five different sections:
-
Cervical
-
Thoracic
-
Lumbar
-
Sacral
-
Caudal
The vertebrae give the body structure and shield the spinal cord’s delicate nerves. Between each vertebra are discs that act as shock absorbers. This is vital for dogs as they run, jump, and fall.
Ligaments and muscles run along the spine to keep it stable and support full range of motion. If the spine is injured, it can lead to nerve damage, pain, loss of function, or even paralysis.
Common Types of Spinal Problems
Trauma
Serious falls, car accidents, or abuse can lead to lasting and severe spinal injuries. In such situations, the range of damage can be extensive. Minor injuries can lead to a limited range of motion or nerve damage. On the other hand, more severe injuries can lead to full paralysis and death.
Spinal Disorders
Some spinal issues are genetic or develop from years of exercise and life.
Small dogs, like Beagles and Dachshunds, can suffer from Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD). These breeds are prone to disc problems that can lead to degeneration or herniation of the discs. Another spinal disorder is degenerative myelopathy, in which the spinal cord deteriorates. Finally, lumbosacral stenosis is an issue in which the dog’s spinal canal narrows near the hips, causing pain and reduced mobility.
Risk Factors for Spinal Issues
Certain dog breeds are predisposed to spinal issues. Small dog breeds, particularly those with long backs, are prone to IVDD. In larger breeds, the ligaments and joints tend to break down more as they age. Breeds like Australian Shepherds are sometimes born with no tail. This can lead to issues with the spine or hips.
Age plays a significant role in spinal issues. Older dogs tend to experience more wear and tear on their bodies. They are more likely to suffer from arthritis. Obesity can also put increased strain on the spine and joints.
Symptoms of Spine Problems
Dogs with spine issues usually display clear signs of pain. The dog will whine, yelp, or growl when touched. They may also flinch when touched or avoid being handled. Showing signs of restlessness and pacing can also be indicative of a dog in pain. Your dog may also be less active or less willing to move.
Changes in Movement and Gait
Spinal problems impact a dog’s gait. Dogs that limp or drag their hind legs likely have damage in their nerves near the end of their spine. Stiffness can also happen. With spine damage, dogs often show weakness in their limbs. You may notice your dog falling, stumbling, or struggling to stand from lying down.
Neurological Indicators
The most concerning type of symptoms is neurological. Dogs can show:
-
Loss of coordination
-
Paralysis
-
Diminished or exaggerated reflexes
-
Loss of bladder/bowel control
-
Tail control
These signs may indicate serious problems in the spine or brain and require urgent veterinary care.
